The government needs to strengthen its AI policy

There is no doubting the ambition of the PM’s launch of more growth in and through AI. He urges public and private sectors to greatly expand their computing capacities, and to  use the extra for a wide range of new applications. He sets out a vision of many more datacentres. He expects AI to  improve healthcare diagnosis, tighten up on tax avoidance and boost GDP.

The paper the officials wrote is long on enthusiasm and on how important much more computing is. It is short on practical policies to bring it about. Here are some thoughts on what the government will need to ask itself to make some of this reality.

The paper envisages a bigger role for the public sector, with government putting in more of the investment and adopting more of the benefits. There is no mention of how much extra money will be available for this. They revive the  idea of supercomputers after cancelling the Bristol one the previous government backed. Where will the hew one be and how much will it cost?

When it comes to the private  sector they will find the US giants of AI and the digital world are central to success. Why not take our corporation tax rate down to Ireland’s to tempt more of the US digital investment in future here? Ireland gas attracted so much with a tax rate half ours.

The strategy needs plenty of datacentres  which need plenty of cheap electricity. Will the government adopt some of the ideas around for more and cheaper energy?

59 Comments

  1. David Andrews
    January 15, 2025

    The idea of applying AI to find better solutions to problems is both good and obvious. But it depends on access to data, data centres, abundant energy and human intelligence to frame the questions in a way that enables relevant data searches to be made and relevant answers to be provided to secure the desired insights. Are these all readily available to departments of government? Based on experience
    to date I am wary of Starmer word salads delivered without the substance of a coherent plan of action and the cash to fund it.

    1. Ian wragg
      January 15, 2025

      His first job should be to remove Milibrain. Data centres require an abundance of cheap, reliable energy. Exactly the opposite of where we’re heading. SMRs could be a solution but no doubt the government would rather import them than use local talent.
      A speech from 2TK is cheap. Actions are required.
      Cancelling the Edinburgh Super Computer doesn’t bode well.

      1. Know-Dice
        January 15, 2025

        Ian,
        Absolutely without energy security national AI is not going to happen

      2. Mitchel
        January 15, 2025

        Others are making hay!

        Reuters,14/1/25:”Vietnam signs nuclear co-operation deal with Russia’s Rosatom”:-
        “Vietnam and Russia signed an agreement on nuclear energy and several co-operation deals on Tuesday during a visit to Hanoi by Russian PM.Mikhail Mishustin.Vietnam aims to re-start its nuclear energy programme,having suspended it for years,as it needs to boost power generation to feed its growing industrial sector,a major driver of its economy.Also signed were deals on co-operation in the digital economy and wireless communication.”

        Africa Report,30/4/24:”Russia’s Rosatom floats small nuclear reactors as answer to Africa’s (power) woes”.At time of writing deals had been signed with Mali and Burkina Faso.Since then:

        World Nuclear News,7/6/24:”Republic of Guinea signs floating nuclear plant MoU with Russia”.

        And in Asia:Reuters, 27/5/24:”Russia to build central Asia’s first nuclear plant in Uzbekistan….up to six mini-reactors.”Kazhakstan has also recently held a referendum to approve the start of a nuclear power programme(it passed) to replace its coal fired power stations.Russia,with its fully vertically integrated offering, is well placed for the pitch here too.

    2. Dave Andrews
      January 15, 2025

      AI data centres require huge electrical power, so in the UK you will only be able to use it when the wind is blowing – hard enough.

    3. Lifelogic
      January 15, 2025

      Indeed cheap, reliable, on demand energy is vital for AI but Ed Miliband is doing his best to kill any hopes of this. Sensible tax levels too to encourage investment but Hunt and now Reeves is doing he best to kill this. “Growth is the number on mission of this Labour Government” Reeves said yesterday. So what policy does she have to encourage growth or investment – not a singe one.

      But we have people dying due to long waits for ambulances, then waits in ambulances, then in A&E and then in corridors often dying before they even get proper medical treatment perhaps correct these appalling failures first. They should certainly kill the policy to switch to electric ambulances (and even fire engines etc.) this is a vast waste of money which will make them system even less efficient.

      Google the “German Fire Station destroyed by fire caused by an EV battery fire”.

      Politicians trying to save money is very expensive thing.
      It’s like putting them in charge of combatting a pandemic, changing the weather, running a health service, state monopoly schools or running anything at all.

      1. Lifelogic
        January 15, 2025

        Or putting them in charge of regulating water or vaccines or almost anything.

        See the excellent Clare Craig substack for all the covid vaccine disasters and stats. Has Sunak corrected his (dishonest?) statement to the house yet?

      2. glen cullen
        January 15, 2025

        Merseyside Tunnel, recently spent ÂŁ11million on replacing perfectly good lights with ‘LED’ lights ….they destoryed perfectly good lights in the name of net-zero

        1. Donna
          January 16, 2025

          But a box got ticked … so it’s a win. (You obviously don’t have a Civil Service mindset).

      3. John Hatfield
        January 15, 2025

        “Growth is the number on mission of this Labour Government” Reeves said yesterday.”
        She means growth of the public sector.

    4. Lynn Atkinson
      January 15, 2025

      You have described a standard search engine, not a computer that programmes its own specified systems.

    5. Ian B
      January 15, 2025

      @David Andrews, @Ian Wragg, @Know-Dice and many more

      How come so many clear thinkers understand reality and how we get to a future, while those with headline grabbing speeches make the speeches then ignore the deed to get there. Ideological Terrorism of destroy, destroy, destroy can be their only true objective

  2. formula57
    January 15, 2025

    Let us all beware of papers “… long on enthusiasm …. short on practical policies” for treating them with seriousness is often folly.

    The notion that there should be “.. a bigger role for the public sector, with government putting in more of the investment…” indicates nothing worthwhile has been learnt from Health Secretary Hancock’s immense folly of trusting IT people demanding tremendous sums to deliver a tracking system as novel as it was huge.

    As a Starmer initiative, let us perhaps ignore it for a while (AI is of course a ridiculously overblown, over-hyped phenomenon), rather await the re-set when it might be more refined, although only a bit.

    1. Peter Wood
      January 15, 2025

      Second para. prescient warning on Government investment in …well, anything, but the Test and Trace fiasco was ludicrous.
      The one thing we do expect from AI is that all the paper shuffling jobs in both public and private sectors should be eliminated. Now, how is Labour going to handle those unemployables? Perhaps AI can figure out how to redeploy those unnecessary CO2 emitters…..
      Be careful what you wish for..

  3. Vivian Evans
    January 15, 2025

    I’m glad you pointed out that ‘more AI’ will need more data centres and therefore much more electricity. This simple fact doesn’t seem to have percolated into the might brains residing in Whitehall.
    Moreover, I wonder why the current government, allegedly socialists, are so proud of pushing Net Zero at all costs. Have they never heard of Lenin’s saying, that ‘communism is Soviet power (nowadays ‘community groups’) plus electrification of the whole country’? And here they are hard at word to un-electrify our country …

    1. Mitchel
      January 15, 2025

      I have mentioned that point before(and that famous quote of Lenin’s!).An inconvenient truth for those who maintain the government/establishment is somehow socialist.

  4. Wanderer
    January 15, 2025

    Quite disastrous. If we think this eastern bloc-style government is going to help us adopt AI efficiently we are mistaken. To paraphrase Elon Musk, while East Germany built the Trabant car, West Germany built the Porsche.

    1. Donna
      January 15, 2025

      +1

  5. agricola
    January 15, 2025

    Your wish list is the very antithisis of what this lumbering about government has done to date.
    They cannot think beyond the introduction of 1984 rules to pub discussion. The latest YOUGOV poll suggest they are fast losing the support of those who voted them in. Next comes the internal fighting leading to implosion.
    People with human intelligence will move out with their wealth and means of creating further. Under current government the UK has no future.

  6. James1
    January 15, 2025

    “ Will the government adopt some of the ideas around for more and cheaper energy?”

    No, unfortunately it’s just more wishful thinking from our current clown government, who can be guaranteed to blunder into another Fujitsu type situation. Indeed probably worse in terms of the cost to taxpayers.

  7. Narrow Shoulders
    January 15, 2025

    AI is akin to importing immigrants.

    Better to train our own and insist that they work and don’t sit at home on benefits.

  8. Bryan Harris
    January 15, 2025

    As so often happens with labour policies they lack a certain amount of reality to get them pushed through and functional. Labour have always been keen on fancy technology to solve problems mostly of their making.

    They want investment and many more datacentres but therein lies the bug.

    Companies are unlikely to invest in high grade technology when the economic prospects are so gloomy. Why should people risk their own money when HMG gets it all so wrong economically. Simply ‘wishing’ for more investment will get us nowhere.

    The other issue is that the servers that would run AI use a lot of power. Most datacentres use more electricity than small towns. So with the country constantly on the brink of blackouts, just where would the energy come from to power all of these small-town datacentres?

  9. Mark B
    January 15, 2025

    Good morning.

    Political rhetoric and theatre. The new ‘White heat of technology’ nonsense. He is saying something without actually having to do something.

    But it does provide a platform for this government to waste more money.

  10. Donna
    January 15, 2025

    Two-Tier’s droning speech setting out the Government’s AI “ambitions” reminded me of another Socialist, Harold Wilson, and his “white heat of technology” speech back in the early ’60s.

    That didn’t work out too well for Labour and this “ambition” will fail even more spectacularly. Wilson was, whether you supported him or not, at least a good political operator and we had the skills and the energy sources essential to develop technologically .

    Starmer has the political nous of a gnat, we have insufficient people with the required skills with many leaving the country thanks to his punitive tax regime, and he is doing his level best to destroy the essential energy sources it will require.

    So it was just hot air and an attempt to shift the media narrative about his failing administration. Which has also failed.

  11. Michael Staples
    January 15, 2025

    The Government’s AI ambition is in direct opposition to its energy policy of producing the most expensive and least reliable electricity on the planet. Supercomputer AI centres will be built overseas and the Brits will have to pay the charges without making the profits, as with all other manufacturing.

  12. Peter Gardner
    January 15, 2025

    None of Starmer’s Gang has ever had a serious job in private industry. The idea that they might have a clue about stimulating the development of, innovation in and adopting of advanced computing is highly fanciful. They know only how to flood the public sector with cash so departments can, if not taking it all in pay and allowances, buy better kit. Given the Gang’s level of ignorance and experience it is better they do nothing apart from giving a free hand to someone outside government who does. Oh No! not more consultants!
    I have been a consultant advising companies and government departments on software projects. Customers always want to be shown what it can do. Suppliers can’t show them until it is built and suppliers can’t build it until it is funded. So the process has to proceed incrementally, including funding, to avoid enormous risks. It requires developers to understand the end users and the end-users to understand the essence of their business and to have the imagination to exploit something they didn’t know they needed. Bureaucrats insist on paperwork before a penny is spent on the project. Bureacracy is death to such processes. The best client I had was special forces. Paperwork was done after the project was completed! But we had trust. That is essential for innovation to succeed in a public-private arrangement and it depends on the individuals involved. The Government’s best contribution is not to drive it, not to pick winners but to do all it can to remove barriers – regulations and funding – to innovation in the realms of innovation, technical development and customer/user experimentation and investment.

  13. Peter Parsons
    January 15, 2025

    The current government hasn’t cancelled the Bristol supercomputer. The one announced in 2023 is now up and running (it went live back in April/May) and has replaced an older system (which has been retired). What was cancelled was an investment to be based in Edinburgh which, I have seen it reported, was an unfunded spending commitment by the previous government.

    1. hefner
      January 15, 2025

      bristol.ac.uk 13/05/2024 ‘Ground-breaking for science, innovation and technology’ as UK’s most powerful supercomputer is officially online and debuts in global league’.

  14. Ian B
    January 15, 2025

    AI is in the first instance driven by energy, electrical energy. Once you have the hardware all costs relate to energy pricing. In the UK our electricity prices are at least 100% dearer than the UK’s Industrial Competitors. It leaves the prolific spending public sector, as they don’t have to find the money, as the only one in a position to use the technology.

    AI hardware requires GPU type processors to function. The UK’s World Leading manufacturer of these processors was allowed to be sold to the Chinese by the UK Government – meaning the Chinese now have a head start on the use of the technology and infinity cheaper energy prices to run it

    1. Ian B
      January 15, 2025

      “When it comes to the private sector they will find the US giants of AI and the digital world are central to success” The same company above supplied the technology to Apple for their AI drive. Now its in the hands of the PM’s favourite nation China.

    2. hefner
      January 15, 2025

      ARM Holdings was originally sold to the Japanese SoftBank in Summer 2016. Since then it was bought by the US NVidia. It is a decision of ARM to go independent from ARM China to benefit from the Chinese market (techradar.com 18/10/2024 ‘ARM wants to go direct Chinese market, no more ARMChina middleman’)

      And BTW ARM is only one of several international companies producing GPUs (techovedas.com 18/01/2024 ‘10 largest GPU companies in the world’)

  15. Roy Grainger
    January 15, 2025

    “There is no doubting the ambition of the PM’s launch of more growth in and through AI.”

    Really ? Did he set any measurable targets so we can monitor the success of his strategy ?

    The problem is that almost all of the apparent cost benefits of AI are in replacing people for all or part of their roles and so it cannot be targeted at the public sector where Labour’s union chums will resist it very strongly. Best for the government not to interfere and to simply step back and create a business environment where AI developments can flourish – that can’t be the UK under Labour of course, or indeed in the EU which is even worse.

    1. glen cullen
      January 15, 2025

      Government should have nothing to do with ‘AI’, no laws, no subsidy, no intervention, ….its just a computer program, leave it to business and industry to develop

  16. Ian B
    January 15, 2025

    “The strategy needs plenty of datacentres which need plenty of cheap electricity.” – Exactly. The same electricity that is needed to power AI hardware. The same electricity for the BoE’s dream of Crypto Currency, crypto is created by mining (just a phrase) in reality its an electricity thing, the cheaper the electricity supplied the more availability to create crypto – at 100% penalty that not going to happen.
    You can run the same conversation on electric cars (Norway has more(EV’s) as its power is supplied at around half of what is available in the UK), then you have the electricity guzzling air sourced heat pumps – the same answer.

    The UK needs an energy policy a cheap energy policy. It can then start funding the machine(the Country) so it can grow, create wealth – fund a future to cope with what ever is thrown at it.

    But the UK in recent years has had Parliaments that have sort to destroy the UK’s future, topped of now with personal religious ideology.

  17. Mickey Taking
    January 15, 2025

    Mark Zuckerberg is preparing to sack thousands of low performers at Meta as part of a productivity drive that “celebrates aggression”. The US billionaire has unveiled plans to cut and replace 5pc of the company’s lowest performers – equivalent to around 3,600 staff – in the coming months.
    In a memo to staff on Tuesday, first reported by Bloomberg, Mr Zuckerberg said: “I’ve decided to raise the bar on performance management and move out low-performers faster.
    “We typically manage out people who aren’t meeting expectations over the course of a year, but now we’re going to do more extensive performance-based cuts during this cycle.”

    Will AI offer more efficient and solution based strategies than lower performing staff?

    1. Ian B
      January 15, 2025

      @Mickey Taking – the main driver in the US is coming from ‘Litigation’ someone has just woken up to the fact DE&I (Diversity,Equalities & Inclusion) means quotas are created that automatically means ‘Discrimination’ on a large scale. As such some State are now suing those that practice it.
      In a similar vein Mark Carney’s ESG(Environmental, Social and Governance ) has come up against unethical market manipulation practices Laws – all major Banks and Financial institutions in the US have baled out, leaving just a couple of UK Banks signed up and penalising their customers and clients

  18. IanT
    January 15, 2025

    “Why not take our corporation tax rate down to Ireland’s to tempt more of the US digital investment in future here? Ireland has attracted so much with a tax rate half ours”

    I completely agree that we should be reducing Corportion Tax Sir John but your statement doesn’t really explain what is happening here. The large US Corporates are investing in the UK but the real profits are declared elsewhere (often in Ireland as you say)
    The (US) multinational I worked for had a large UK HQ, employed many people here and made a third of it’s total European revenue in the UK. Indeed we were the largest sub outside of the US at that time. However all “goods and services” were billed from the Distribution Centre in Ireland, even though they were delivered in the UK. So there was a large cost base here but the UK (declared/taxable) ‘profit’ was usually tiny – almost break even. A very large software sale often involved just the shipment of a single CD (with right to copy) accompanied by an invoice from Ireland for very large amounts of money..
    I read about the “success” of Ireland but much of it is just a simple accounting trick, without which the Irish economy would be reduced to Guinness and agriculture exports. The same thing now seems to occur when ordering from Amazon. I’ve noticed that items are increasingly ‘fulfilled’ from their “European Centre” but are they shipped from there or just billed from there? Solely UK based businesses can’t access this form of
    avoidance and get hammered by increased corporate taxes.

    1. hefner
      January 16, 2025

      Largest European Amazon warehouse is in Tilbury, Essex (2 m sq.feet).
      expertbeacon.com 08/05/2024 ‘The biggest Amazon warehouses worldwide’.

      Where the invoice is actually produced is rather complicated and depends on where the item was originally produced. You can get information on that exploring sellercentral.amazon.co.uk.
      As far as I can see (but I may be wrong) it appears to be governed by ‘Update to Amazon UK and EU agreements and VAT treatment’ (08/2024).

  19. Know-Dice
    January 15, 2025

    AI is not a universal panacea it will be useful for medical use to spot abnormalities in scans much quicker than a human, but the public section will use it as a “Gate Keeper” – “Computer Says No” i.e. to replace the current “noreply” emails that we see too often from the public sector.

    I already see it as the way that our GP’s use a pseudo-AI called Amina it to distance themselves from their potential patients.

    And Elon Musk can’t even control the adaptive/dynamic headlights on his Tesla’s such that they don’t blind on coming traffic.

  20. glen cullen
    January 15, 2025

    I hate the misuse of language for political gain
    Prove to me that AI is ‘real’ and not just really clever computer code/programmimg

    1. Ian B
      January 15, 2025

      @glen cullen – the correct term is Large Language Model, a big database where decisions can be derived at from by those that contribute the most.

      1. glen cullen
        January 15, 2025

        +1

    2. hefner
      January 15, 2025

      Read about ‘neural network’ (NN). It is a very old idea (Leibniz, 17th c) but it with the arrival of electronic computer in the 1940s-50s then the exponential computer development from the 80s-90s it came of age, with various self-learning ‘algorithms’ (backpropagating, ‘convolutional NN’, ‘recurring NN’, 
), the idea being to find relationships between various ‘elements’ that the usual statistical methods could not or would not readily establish because of levels of uncertainty.

      AI is neural network to the power of 10 (100?) dealing not only with numbers as NNs were originally doing but with texts, images, and obviously numbers.

      If one looks on the web there are multiple sources of info, some basic, some very specialised.
      Relatively basic ones are ‘Neural Network (Machine Learning)’ and ‘Artificial Intelligence’ on wikipedia.

      Next time HMRC will send you a letter saying you have not paid enough tax, it might be their AI system that will have checked your previous returns against your declared sources of income and found them questionable given, say, your diet (from your day-to-day shopping), your expenses (from the other outgoings from your bank and debit/credit card), your lodging, your consumption of utilities, your medical history, 


      1. Clough
        January 16, 2025

        Indeed it might, Hefner. Let’s keep cash.

    3. hefner
      January 15, 2025

      – pnas.org 04/05/2021 ‘AI-assisted superresolution cosmological simulations’.
      – sciencedirect.com 09/2019 ‘AI and clinical decision support for radiologists and referring providers’.
      – sciencedirect.com 03/2024 ‘A comprehensive analysis of the role of AI and ML in modern digital forensics and incidentresponse’.
      – saiwa.ai 21/12/2024 ‘AI in Forestry: Transforming sustainability and conservation’.
      – ibm.com 24/09/2024 ‘AI and the future of agriculture’.

      BTW just a question: do you know anything about ‘clever computer code/programming’ or do you consider yourself an enlightened proponent of GIGO?

  21. agricola
    January 15, 2025

    Lets be negative and celebrate No 10’s latest BooBoo. Like bowel movements they happen every day.

    On a technicality, as to whether it was a minister or secretary of state who signed the order to incarcerate Jerry Adams during the troubles, he will be entitled to compensation. That which applies to the godfather of terrorism will of course apply to other IRA terrorists.

    Forget about what is owed to postmasters, contaminated blood recipients, female pensioners, and possibly any thalidomide survivors, the legal lizard will bow to terrorism.

    I wonder what he has in mind for tomorrow.

  22. glen cullen
    January 15, 2025

    INEOS closes last remaining synthetic ethanol plant in the UK with the loss of several hundred jobs.
    https://www.ineos.com/news/ineos-group/chemicals-coming-to-an-end-in-the-uk/
    Long Live Artificial intelligence (AI)

    1. Michael Staples
      January 15, 2025

      It’s the cost of energy, as in all other manufacturing. What a great job Miliband is doing.

    2. glen cullen
      January 15, 2025

      Reported today, Lloyds Bank data center to close in 2025 losing 500 jobs
      Long Live Artificial intelligence (AI)

      1. hefner
        January 16, 2025

        And nothing to do with AI, (ft.com, 16/01/2025 ‘BP axes 4,700 jobs in cost-cutting drive).
        4.7k BP jobs and 3k contractors lost from pressure from shareholders.

  23. Rod Evans
    January 15, 2025

    Does AI have the potential to work from home like all the other Public Sector employees, or does it have to work from an office?
    Just curious.
    Also, if we are to believe the hype surrounding AI, one of the key benefits is the ability to make better more economic decisions because it can look at all the data before advising what to do.
    With that being the case, where does the additional GDP come from?
    Surely if a more efficient computer working 24/7 rather than a three day week can make better decisions at lower cost than currently employed office workers, won’t the effect of that be a reduction of office workers and a lowering of cost and a lowering GDP?

  24. Atlas
    January 15, 2025

    So the Government is talking about AI again… Just like they did in the 1960s (remember Cybernetics) and then again in the 1980s (Remember the Alvey report) – and for all I know in the 2000s. There is nothing like an Exponential scalable problem to keep the next generation of Arts Graduate SPADs excited…

    A little technical detail: As I see AI, the core issue is the exponential increase in the ‘dimensionality’ of the problem when you move it out of the ‘toy’ laboratory situation . In its time the ‘Eliza’ interactive conversational programme convinced quite a few with what we now consider meagre computing power. So, since then, we have moved up in computing power by, say, a factor of 1000 – but will the AI programme be 1000 times more capable? – more likely by a factor of 3 to 10. I reckon this will be true for both ‘programmed’ AI programmes using labels (eg LISP) as well as Neural Network connectionist type AI programmes.

    1. hefner
      January 15, 2025

      Given that one has to submit a ‘request’ to the AI system it can be done from any part of the world provided one has the access codes to the relevant system (and obviously a working connection).
      HMRC has its developers scattered allover the country 


  25. Kenneth
    January 15, 2025

    “AI” is the fashion of the day.

    As always with these fads, there are good aspects. However, marketing people will rope just about anything that is computer-related (and many things thta are not) under the “AI” banner simply beause that is what the media is talking about.

    The danger is government ministers ask for more “AI” without having much idea what they are asking for,

    Computers are very good at doing things fast. As it has always been since the 1940s, we should get computers to do things where they can work faster than humans, reglardless of what we call it and regardless of the latest buzz phrase.

    1. glen cullen
      January 15, 2025

      Agree

  26. Original Richard
    January 15, 2025

    “Will the government adopt some of the ideas around for more and cheaper energy?”

    No, because it will be against the Net Zero religion to provide cheap, plentiful, reliable electricity.

    Data centres need electricity which is not only cheap and plentiful but also reliable which why all the AI companies are ditching any ideas of using expensive, chaotically intermittent renewables and switching to nuclear, even resurrecting old nuclear reactors.

    The UK’s electricity supply however is moving in the opposite direction. In 1997 nuclear generated 26% of our electricity. NESO’s plan for “clean power” by 2030 is for 11-12% with no new build. NESO’s Holistic 2050 Future Energy Scenario is for just 8%.

    Instead of ordering 14 RR SMRs (the equivalent to 2 Hinkley Point Cs) for delivery the beginning of the 2030s followed by a competition for a second SMR supplier the Net Zeros simply used a competition to delay ordering nuclear by 5 years or more.

  27. paul
    January 15, 2025

    Data centres need there own electric and water supply, anyway by the time it is built it will be out of date.

  28. Ukret123
    January 15, 2025

    AI will never be the “Magic Wand” nor Holy Grail in the hands of politicians, least of all Labour desperate to get any credit well before it arrives just like the illusive perpetual energy from new “not-invented-yet” but widely acclaimed electrical and battery tech.
    Based on their previous heralding the “White-hot technical revolution” decades ago for Britain it triggered a brain drain to the USA not least because of their high taxation core beliefs.

  29. glen cullen
    January 15, 2025

    Alan Turing on AI 1947
    “What we want is a machine that can learn from experience,” and that the “possibility of letting the machine ‘alter’ its own instructions provides the mechanism for this.”

    I nolonger want to be a toaster, I’m now a mircowave …..

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